In the given reaction,the reactant is $\gamma$-valerolactone. Predict the product $[X]$ for the reaction: $\text{Reactant} \xrightarrow{H_2O/H^{+}} [X]$.

Give reactions of carboxylic acids in which $C-OH$ bond breaks. $OR$ Give methods of preparation for $(a)$ anhydride $(b)$ ester $(c)$ acid chloride and $(d)$ amide from carboxylic acids.

$A$ sweet-smelling compound formed by reacting acetic acid with ethanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid is

$CH_3CH_2COOH$ $\xrightarrow{Br_2/P} X$ $\xrightarrow{NH_3} Y$. What is $Y$ in the above reaction?

Give the reactions of benzoic acid $(C_6H_5COOH)$ with the following:
$(i)$ Sodium metal
$(ii)$ Solution of sodium hydroxide $(NaOH)$
$(iii)$ Solution of sodium bicarbonate $(NaHCO_3)$
$(iv)$ $P_2O_5$ or conc. $H_2SO_4$ $+$ heat
$(v)$ $PCl_5$
$(vi)$ $PCl_3$
$(vii)$ $SOCl_2$
$(viii)$ $NH_3$ $+$ high temperature
$(ix)$ $LiAlH_4$ / ether or $B_2H_6$
$(x)$ Sodalime $(NaOH + CaO)$ $+$ heat
$(xi)$ Conc. $HNO_3$ $+$ conc. $H_2SO_4$ $+$ heat
$(xii)$ $Br_2 + FeBr_3$
$(xiii)$ Oleum $(H_2SO_4 + SO_3)$ $+$ heat

Which of the following has the maximum $pK_a$ value?